{ "schema_version": "1.1", "id": 708692, "slug": "brazil-appeal-process-court-system-2026", "title": "Brazil Appeal Process: Court Levels and 15-Day Rules", "excerpt": "The Brazil appeal process gives you 15 business days to file, and the STJ never re-examines evidence. Here is how each court level works in 2026.", "content_primary": "markdown", "available_formats": [ "markdown" ], "content_markdown": "The most expensive mistake foreign companies make in Brazilian litigation is not losing at trial. It is losing the appeal before anyone reads the merits.\n\nIt happens in three predictable ways. First, the appeal fee (*preparo*) is paid late or on the wrong *guia de recolhimento* (payment slip), and the court declares the appeal abandoned without examining a single argument. Second, the 15-day deadline is counted in calendar days instead of business days, or the opposite, and the filing lands outside the window. Third, and most painful, the company spends two years and tens of thousands of reais reaching Brasília only to be told that the Superior Court of Justice (STJ) does not re-examine evidence, so the appeal is inadmissible.\n\nRead also:\n[Court Case Duration Brazil: 2 to 4 Years to Judgment](https://www.ribeirocavalcante.com.br/court-case-duration-brazil-2026/)\n\nNone of those outcomes are about who was right in the contract. They are about understanding how Brazil’s court system is built and what each level of appeal is actually allowed to do. Brazil is a Civil Law jurisdiction: no jury in commercial cases, no US-style discovery, no depositions, and a strong preference for documents filed at the very beginning. The appeals system mirrors that logic. You get one real chance to build a factual record, and after that the fight is almost entirely about law.\n\nThis article explains the hierarchy, the appeal routes, what the other side will argue to kill your appeal, and how to keep every door open from day one.\n\n\n## Which Brazilian Court Decisions Can Never Be Appealed?\n\nSome decisions have no further appeal at all. A small claims court ruling (*Juizado Especial Cível*) can be reviewed only by a local panel of judges, with no access to the STJ. And most mid-case interlocutory decisions cannot be appealed immediately, because the Civil Procedure Code (Law 13.105/2015) lists the limited situations that allow an immediate interlocutory appeal.\n\nRead also:\n[Legal Costs Brazil: Court & Lawyer Fees 2026](https://www.ribeirocavalcante.com.br/contracts-litigation-brazil/legal-costs-fees/)\n\nStart with these exceptions, because they reshape your whole strategy. If you file in small claims court to save time and money, you accept that the case ends at the *turma recursal* (the local appellate panel). No Superior Court of Justice review on the interpretation of federal law. For a one-off unpaid invoice, that is often a good trade. For a dispute that will set the pattern for your entire Brazilian distribution network, it is a bad one.\n\nThe second exception matters even more in practice. When the judge denies your request for an expert report, refuses to hear a witness, or rejects a document, that decision usually cannot be appealed on the spot. Under the Civil Procedure Code, interlocutory appeals (*agravo de instrumento*) are limited to a closed list, which includes things like provisional relief (injunctions), jurisdiction challenges and evidence-burden reversals. Everything else must be raised again later, inside your appeal against the final judgment.\n\n**Watch out:** if your lawyer does not expressly protest a rejected piece of evidence and then repeat that complaint in the appeal (*apelação*), the point is considered settled and cannot be revived in Brasília. Silence equals acceptance in Brazilian procedure.\n\nNow the rule: in ordinary state court cases, every final judgment can be appealed once on both facts and law. That single full review is the only one you get. Everything above it is filtered.\n\n\n## How Is Brazil’s Court System Structured for Commercial Disputes?\n\nBrazilian commercial litigation runs through four possible levels: a single trial judge in first instance, a three-judge appellate panel at the State Court of Appeals (TJ) or Federal Regional Court (TRF), then the STJ for questions of federal law, and finally the Supreme Federal Court (STF) for constitutional questions. Most contract disputes belong to the state courts.\n\n\n### First instance: where the case is really won\n\nYour lawsuit begins with the *petição inicial* (initial petition), filed electronically with all documentary evidence attached. One judge (a *juiz de direito* in state courts, a *juiz federal* in federal courts) runs the entire case: service of process, evidence, court-appointed expert reports (*perícias*), hearings, and the final judgment (*sentença*).\n\nThere is no discovery phase in which you extract the other side’s internal emails. If you cannot prove the contract breach with documents you already hold, or with a document request the judge agrees to order, you are in trouble. This is why so many foreign disputes are decided by paperwork quality, a point we cover in detail in our guide to the [5 mistakes foreigners make in Brazilian contracts](https://www.ribeirocavalcante.com.br/brazilian-contracts-mistakes-foreigners-2026/).\n\n\n### Second instance: TJ and TRF\n\nThe appeal goes to a chamber (*câmara*) of the State Court of Appeals, normally three judges (*desembargadores*). This panel can review the facts, re-read the evidence, and substitute its own judgment for the trial judge’s. It is the last court in Brazil that will look at the evidence as evidence.\n\n\n### Superior courts in Brasília: STJ and STF\n\nThe [Superior Court of Justice (STJ)\r\n\r\n](https://www.stj.jus.br/) standardises the interpretation of federal legislation, including the Civil Code and the Civil Procedure Code. The [Supreme Federal Court (STF)](https://portal.stf.jus.br/) decides constitutional questions and only accepts extraordinary appeals that show general relevance (*repercussão geral*). Neither court re-weighs facts.\n\n**Key point:** the STJ’s own Súmula 7 states that a request for simple re-examination of evidence does not support a special appeal. If your appeal to Brasília says “the panel misread the invoices”, it will be rejected at the admissibility stage. It must say “the panel applied the wrong rule of federal law to these facts”.\n\n\n## How Does the Appeals Process (Apelação) Actually Work?\n\nYou have 15 business days to file an *apelação* against a final judgment, counted under the Civil Procedure Code rule that all procedural deadlines run in business days only. In practice, 15 business days is usually 21-23 calendar days, and the court recess between 20 December and 20 January suspends the clock entirely.\n\n**How it works:** you file the appeal with the trial court, pay the *preparo* (appeal fee, calculated on the claim value) at the moment of filing, the other side responds within 15 business days, and the file is sent to the TJ. There a reporting judge (*relator*) studies the case and takes it to a panel session. No new evidence is produced.\n\nTwo features surprise foreign litigants. First, the *apelação* normally suspends the judgment, so a winning plaintiff usually cannot collect while the appeal is pending. Second, after the TJ decides, the special appeal to the STJ and the extraordinary appeal to the STF do **not** suspend the ruling. That means the winner can begin provisional enforcement (*cumprimento provisório de sentença*) while the loser argues in Brasília. If you win at the TJ, start enforcement planning immediately instead of waiting years.\n\nThere is also a short, cheap and badly underused remedy: *embargos de declaração*, filed within 5 business days when a decision is contradictory, obscure or omits an argument. These rarely change the result, but they are how you force the court to rule expressly on a legal point, which is the precondition (*prequestionamento*) for taking that point to the STJ or STF. Skipping them often ends the case.\n\n**In practice:** on a R$ 500,000 contract claim, the appeal fee in a large state court typically runs in the low thousands of reais, and losing the appeal also means paying the winner’s lawyer fees set by the court at 10% to 20% of the claim value under the Civil Procedure Code, plus an increase for the appellate stage. On R$ 500,000, that exposure can exceed R$ 75,000. See our breakdown of [legal costs and the loser-pays rule in Brazil](https://www.ribeirocavalcante.com.br/legal-costs-in-brazil-2026/) before you appeal on principle.\n\n\n## What Will the Other Side Argue, and What Answers It?\n\nExpect two attacks: that you, as a plaintiff living abroad, must deposit security for costs before the case proceeds, and that your appeal is a disguised attempt to re-litigate facts. Both are grounded in the Civil Procedure Code, and both can be answered, but only if you prepare for them before filing.\n\nHere is the defendant’s strongest argument, stated honestly and at full strength:\n\n“The foreign claimant chose Brazilian jurisdiction, filed its petition with whatever documents it wanted, had a full hearing, a court-appointed expert and an unrestricted appeal to a three-judge panel. Two independent levels of the Brazilian judiciary examined the same contract and reached the same conclusion. What the claimant now calls a violation of federal law is simply disagreement with how the evidence was weighed, and Brazilian law reserves that weighing to the lower courts. Moreover, the claimant has no assets in Brazil. If it loses, the defendant will never recover the attorney fees the Code guarantees. Security for costs is not a technicality, it is the only protection the Brazilian party has.”\n\nThat argument wins more often than foreign clients expect. Here is what answers it.\n\n- **On security for costs (*caução*):** the Civil Procedure Code requires a plaintiff residing abroad with no real property in Brazil to post security for costs and fees. The answer is not to fight it, it is to budget it. If you own real estate in Brazil, or your Brazilian subsidiary is the claimant, the requirement typically does not apply. Structuring who sues is a decision to make before filing, not after.\n- **On re-examination of facts:** distinguish between the facts (untouchable in Brasília) and the legal qualification of those facts (fully reviewable). “The panel reweighed the delivery receipts” is inadmissible. “The panel treated a settled fact as a contractual termination without the notice the Civil Code requires” is a question of law.\n- **On omitted arguments:** file *embargos de declaração* on every point the panel ignored. Without that, the STJ will say the issue was never properly raised.\n- **On divergence:** a special appeal can also be built on proof that different State Courts of Appeals decide the identical legal question in opposite ways. That route does not require any criticism of the evidence.\n\nThe lesson is structural. In Brazil, your appeal strategy is decided when you draft the initial petition, because the only facts you will ever argue about are the ones you proved at the start.\n\n\n## Which Court Should Your Case Go To: Small Claims, State, or Federal?\n\nRoughly 95% of foreign commercial contract disputes belong in state courts (*Justiça Estadual*, *vara cível*). Federal courts handle cases where the federal government, a federal agency or a federal state-owned company is a party, plus disputes involving a foreign State or an international organisation, under the jurisdiction rules in Article 109 of the Federal Constitution.\n\nSmall claims court is tempting because it is fast, fee-free at first instance, and informal. But there is a trap that catches foreign businesses constantly: under Law 9.099/1995, only individuals, individual micro-entrepreneurs, microenterprises and small companies can act as *plaintiffs*. A foreign company, or a large Brazilian subsidiary, cannot file there. You can be sued there, but you usually cannot sue there.\n\nAdd the appeal ceiling and the ceiling on claim value, which is set at 40 times the monthly minimum wage and therefore changes every January (verify the current figure before filing, since the minimum wage is adjusted by federal decree).\n\n| Feature | Small Claims (Juizado Especial) | State Court (Vara Cível) | Federal Court (Justiça Federal) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Typical use | Small invoices, consumer disputes | Contracts, shareholder and distribution disputes | Union, federal agencies, treaty and foreign State matters |\n| Claim value limit | 40 minimum wages (verify annually) | No limit | No limit |\n| Can a foreign company be plaintiff? | No | Yes | Yes, where jurisdiction applies |\n| Lawyer required | Only above 20 minimum wages | Always (OAB-registered) | Always (OAB-registered) |\n| Court filing fees | None at first instance | Percentage of claim value, varies by state | Percentage of claim value, federal table |\n| Appeal route | Local turma recursal only | TJ, then STJ, then STF | TRF, then STJ, then STF |\n| Expert report (perícia) | Rarely available | Yes | Yes |\n| Realistic time to final, unappealable decision | 1-2 years | 4-8 years if all appeals are used | 4-10 years |\n\nIf those timelines worry you, read our detailed analysis of [how long a court case takes in Brazil](https://www.ribeirocavalcante.com.br/court-case-duration-brazil-2026/), and consider arbitration. Brazil’s Arbitration Act, [Law 9.307/1996](https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l9307.htm), makes arbitral awards final and not subject to appeal on the merits, which eliminates the entire appellate pyramid. The trade-off is cost: arbitration fees are paid by the parties, not the state.\n\n\n## What Changed in Brazil’s Courts and Appeals Process for 2026?\n\nThe dominant change is complete digitalisation. By 2026, virtually all Brazilian civil litigation is electronic, filed and tracked through systems such as PJe, e-SAJ and eproc, and increasingly integrated with the gov.br identity platform. Filing requires an OAB-registered lawyer holding a valid digital certificate.\n\nThree practical consequences for foreign parties:\n\n- **Electronic judicial domicile.** Companies with a CNPJ are expected to maintain a registered electronic address for court communications. Summonses and notices arrive digitally, and the deadline starts running whether anyone in your Brazilian office opened the message or not.\n- **Binding precedent is stronger than ever.** The system of repetitive appeals and binding theses means a single STJ or STF ruling can decide thousands of pending cases. Before you appeal, your lawyer should check whether a binding thesis already governs your question. If it does, further appeals are usually futile and expensive.\n- **Case statistics are public.** The National Council of Justice publishes annual data on volume and duration in its [Justiça em Números](https://www.cnj.jus.br/pesquisas-judiciarias/justica-em-numeros/) report, which consistently shows civil cases at first instance averaging well over two years. Use it to set board expectations, not to predict your specific case.\n\n**Quick recap:** digital courts have not made Brazilian litigation shorter, they have made deadlines harsher. The clock starts automatically, and “we never received the notice” is almost never a defence.\n\n\n## How Do You Protect Your Right to Appeal, Step by Step?\n\nProtecting your appeal starts at the first filing, not after the judgment. The Civil Procedure Code forbids new evidence on appeal and bars arguments the lower court never addressed, so the practical checklist below runs in chronological order from pre-filing to Brasília.\n\n- **Before filing:** decide who sues. A Brazilian subsidiary as plaintiff usually avoids the security-for-costs requirement that applies to claimants resident abroad with no Brazilian real estate.\n- **Gather and translate.** Foreign-language documents need a sworn translation by a *tradutor público*. Powers of attorney (*procuração*) signed abroad need notarisation and an apostille under the Hague Apostille Convention.\n- **Attach everything.** Contract, amendments, invoices, delivery proof, emails, corporate documents, CNPJ card, and the sworn declaration of claim value. Nothing you leave out can be added on appeal.\n- **Protest every adverse procedural ruling.** If the judge refuses an expert report or witness, register the objection in the record so it survives into the appeal.\n- **Diary deadlines in business days.** 15 business days for *apelação*, special appeal and extraordinary appeal. 5 business days for *embargos de declaração*. Court recess from 20 December to 20 January suspends the count.\n- **Pay the *preparo* correctly.** Correct *guia de recolhimento*, correct amount, proof attached at filing. A payment error can end the appeal without any merits review.\n- **File *embargos de declaração* on omissions.** This is how you create the *prequestionamento* the STJ and STF demand.\n- **If you win at second instance, start enforcement.** Special and extraordinary appeals do not suspend the ruling.\n\n**Key point:** ask your lawyer in writing, at the outset, “what is our appeal theory if we lose?” If the answer depends on facts not yet in the file, fix the file now. After the *sentença*, it is too late.\n\n\n## Frequently Asked Questions About Brazil’s Court System and Appeals\n\n\n### How many times can a Brazilian commercial case be appealed?\n\nIn state court, up to three times: a full appeal (*apelação*) to the State Court of Appeals on facts and law, a special appeal to the STJ on federal law, and an extraordinary appeal to the STF on constitutional law. Add *embargos de declaração* at each stage and internal appeals against decisions refusing admissibility. In practice, only the first appeal is routinely successful. The superior court appeals are filtered heavily and most are dismissed without a merits review.\n\n\n### Can I submit new evidence on appeal in Brazil?\n\nAs a rule, no. The Civil Procedure Code requires documentary evidence to be filed with the pleadings, and the appellate court reviews the record as it was built at first instance. The narrow exception is a document relating to facts that arose after the pleadings, or that could not reasonably have been obtained earlier, and even then the court decides whether to accept it. Because there is no discovery in Brazil, missing documents are rarely excused.\n\n\n### Does filing an appeal stop the other side from collecting?\n\nIt depends on the level. The first appeal (*apelação*) normally suspends enforcement of the judgment. Once the State Court of Appeals rules, however, special appeals to the STJ and extraordinary appeals to the STF do not suspend the decision. The winner can begin provisional enforcement, including asset searches and bank blocks through the courts’ electronic systems, while the loser continues litigating in Brasília. Many foreign companies discover this only when their account is frozen.\n\n\n### Do I have to deposit money to sue a Brazilian company from abroad?\n\nOften yes. The Civil Procedure Code requires a plaintiff residing outside Brazil, who owns no real property in Brazil, to post security (*caução*) covering court costs and the defendant’s attorney fees. The amount is set by the judge and can reach a meaningful share of the claim value. The usual workarounds are suing through a Brazilian entity or holding Brazilian real estate. This should be decided before filing, since the defendant will raise it in the first response.\n\n\n### Can I choose foreign law or foreign courts in my Brazilian contract?\n\nPartially. Brazilian courts accept arbitration clauses firmly under Law 9.307/1996, and an arbitral award is not appealable on the merits. Choice of foreign law in a purely domestic contract performed in Brazil is treated more restrictively, and some matters remain under exclusive Brazilian jurisdiction, such as disputes over real estate located in Brazil. Our article on the [governing law clause in Brazil](https://www.ribeirocavalcante.com.br/governing-law-clause-brazil-2026/) explains where the limits sit.\n\n\n### Which Brazilian court decides disputes between my foreign parent company and a Brazilian supplier?\n\nNormally a state civil court in the venue agreed in the contract, or where the defendant has its seat. Federal courts come into play only in specific situations defined by the Constitution, such as cases involving the federal government, federal agencies, or a foreign State suing a person domiciled in Brazil. A private commercial contract between two companies, even with a foreign party, is a state court matter in the vast majority of cases.\n\n\n## Commercial Litigation in Brazil: Build Your Appeal Strategy Before You File\n\nBrazil’s court system is not hostile to foreigners. It is unforgiving about procedure. The judgments that look arbitrary from abroad are usually the result of a record built without appeals in mind: evidence not filed at the start, objections not registered, omissions not challenged, deadlines counted in the wrong calendar.\n\nYou can read the full overview in our main guide to [commercial litigation in Brazil in 2026](https://www.ribeirocavalcante.com.br/commercial-litigation-in-brazil-2026/), and you can compare the forum options in the table above. But the decision that actually determines your outcome is the one you make before any petition is filed: which entity sues, in which court, with which documents, and with which legal theory you intend to carry to Brasília if the first two levels go against you.\n\nYour concrete next step is a document review. Send your contract, the correspondence showing the breach, and any court notice you have already received to our bilingual litigation team, and ask for a written assessment of the forum, the security-for-costs exposure, and the appeal route available to you.\n\nTalk to a specialist lawyer now\n[ Talk to a Lawyer on WhatsApp](https://www.ribeirocavalcante.com.br/ads/wpp.html)", "content_hash": { "algo": "sha256", "scope": "content_markdown", "value": "bed17cfaec817f3b6ca6f695b746632e5798822c40c627b42debc3e7bc49d013" }, "date_published": "2026-10-17T13:40:09-03:00", "date_modified": "2026-10-17T13:40:09-03:00", "author": { "name": "Lucas Ribeiro Cavalcante", "url": "https://www.ribeirocavalcante.com.br/autor/lucas/" }, "canonical_url": "https://www.ribeirocavalcante.com.br/brazil-appeal-process-court-system-2026/", "json_url": "https://www.ribeirocavalcante.com.br/brazil-appeal-process-court-system-2026.json", "word_count": 3273, "reading_time": 17, "robots": { "index": true, "follow": true }, "license": { "name": "CC BY-NC-ND 4.0", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.pt-br", "notice": "Conteúdo protegido. Cite a fonte com link para a URL canônica. Reprodução integral proibida." }, "publisher": { "name": "Ribeiro Cavalcante Advocacia", "url": "https://www.ribeirocavalcante.com.br/" }, "publisher_ref": "https://www.ribeirocavalcante.com.br/org.json", "language": "pt-BR", "site": "Ribeiro Cavalcante Advocacia", "categories": [ { "id": 4614, "name": "Contract Law", "slug": "contract-law", "url": "https://www.ribeirocavalcante.com.br/english/contract-law/" } ], "tags": [ { "id": 10904, "name": "brazil appeal process", "slug": "brazil-appeal-process", "url": "https://www.ribeirocavalcante.com.br/tag/brazil-appeal-process/" }, { "id": 10905, "name": "brazilian court system explained", "slug": "brazilian-court-system-explained", "url": "https://www.ribeirocavalcante.com.br/tag/brazilian-court-system-explained/" }, { "id": 10906, "name": "commercial litigation brazil", "slug": "commercial-litigation-brazil", "url": "https://www.ribeirocavalcante.com.br/tag/commercial-litigation-brazil/" }, { "id": 5076, "name": "court brazil", "slug": "court-brazil", "url": "https://www.ribeirocavalcante.com.br/tag/court-brazil/" }, { "id": 9904, "name": "how long does a lawsuit take in brazil", "slug": "how-long-does-a-lawsuit-take-in-brazil", "url": "https://www.ribeirocavalcante.com.br/tag/how-long-does-a-lawsuit-take-in-brazil/" }, { "id": 5075, "name": "lawsuit brazil foreigner", "slug": "lawsuit-brazil-foreigner", "url": "https://www.ribeirocavalcante.com.br/tag/lawsuit-brazil-foreigner/" }, { "id": 5077, "name": "litigation costs brazil", "slug": "litigation-costs-brazil", "url": "https://www.ribeirocavalcante.com.br/tag/litigation-costs-brazil/" }, { "id": 10907, "name": "stj appeal brazil", "slug": "stj-appeal-brazil", "url": "https://www.ribeirocavalcante.com.br/tag/stj-appeal-brazil/" } ], "featured_image": { "url": "https://cdn.ribeirocavalcante.com.br/2026/10/commercial-litigation-in-brazil.webp", "width": 1400, "height": 788, "alt": "Imagem representando Commercial Litigation in Brazil — Ribeiro Cavalcante Advocacia" }, "faq": [ { "question": "How does the brazil appeal process work for foreign companies?", "answer": "You file an apelação with the state Court of Appeals within 15 business days of the judgment, paying the preparo fee on the correct payment slip. Only legal questions can then reach the STJ or STF." }, { "question": "How long do I have to appeal a court decision in Brazil?", "answer": "The standard deadline is 15 business days (not calendar days) counted from the official publication of the decision. Missing the deadline or paying the appeal fee late makes the appeal inadmissible." }, { "question": "Can the Superior Court of Justice (STJ) review evidence in the brazil appeal process?", "answer": "No. The STJ only reviews the interpretation of federal law and cannot re-examine facts or evidence. Attempts to relitigate the facts are dismissed as inadmissible." }, { "question": "Which Brazilian court decisions cannot be appealed?", "answer": "Small claims court (Juizado Especial Cível) rulings end at the local appellate panel with no STJ access, and most mid-case interlocutory decisions cannot be appealed immediately." }, { "question": "Is there a jury or US-style discovery in Brazilian commercial litigation?", "answer": "No. Brazil is a Civil Law jurisdiction with no jury in commercial cases, no discovery and no depositions. Documents must be filed at the start of the case." } ], "table_of_contents": [ { "level": 2, "text": "Which Brazilian Court Decisions Can Never Be Appealed?", "anchor": "which-brazilian-court-decisions-can-never-be-appealed" }, { "level": 2, "text": "How Is Brazil’s Court System Structured for Commercial Disputes?", "anchor": "how-is-brazils-court-system-structured-for-commercial-disputes" }, { "level": 3, "text": "First instance: where the case is really won", "anchor": "first-instance-where-the-case-is-really-won" }, { "level": 3, "text": "Second instance: TJ and TRF", "anchor": "second-instance-tj-and-trf" }, { "level": 3, "text": "Superior courts in Brasília: STJ and STF", "anchor": "superior-courts-in-brasilia-stj-and-stf" }, { "level": 2, "text": "How Does the Appeals Process (Apelação) Actually Work?", "anchor": "how-does-the-appeals-process-apelacao-actually-work" }, { "level": 2, "text": "What Will the Other Side Argue, and What Answers It?", "anchor": "what-will-the-other-side-argue-and-what-answers-it" }, { "level": 2, "text": "Which Court Should Your Case Go To: Small Claims, State, or Federal?", "anchor": "which-court-should-your-case-go-to-small-claims-state-or-federal" }, { "level": 2, "text": "What Changed in Brazil’s Courts and Appeals Process for 2026?", "anchor": "what-changed-in-brazils-courts-and-appeals-process-for-2026" }, { "level": 2, "text": "How Do You Protect Your Right to Appeal, Step by Step?", "anchor": "how-do-you-protect-your-right-to-appeal-step-by-step" }, { "level": 2, "text": "Frequently Asked Questions About Brazil’s Court System and Appeals", "anchor": "frequently-asked-questions-about-brazils-court-system-and-appeals" }, { "level": 3, "text": "How many times can a Brazilian commercial case be appealed?", "anchor": "how-many-times-can-a-brazilian-commercial-case-be-appealed" }, { "level": 3, "text": "Can I submit new evidence on appeal in Brazil?", "anchor": "can-i-submit-new-evidence-on-appeal-in-brazil" }, { "level": 3, "text": "Does filing an appeal stop the other side from collecting?", "anchor": "does-filing-an-appeal-stop-the-other-side-from-collecting" }, { "level": 3, "text": "Do I have to deposit money to sue a Brazilian company from abroad?", "anchor": "do-i-have-to-deposit-money-to-sue-a-brazilian-company-from-abroad" }, { "level": 3, "text": "Can I choose foreign law or foreign courts in my Brazilian contract?", "anchor": "can-i-choose-foreign-law-or-foreign-courts-in-my-brazilian-contract" }, { "level": 3, "text": "Which Brazilian court decides disputes between my foreign parent company and a Brazilian supplier?", "anchor": "which-brazilian-court-decides-disputes-between-my-foreign-parent-company-and-a-brazilian-supplier" }, { "level": 2, "text": "Commercial Litigation in Brazil: Build Your Appeal Strategy Before You File", "anchor": "commercial-litigation-in-brazil-build-your-appeal-strategy-before-you-file" } ], 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